Transient myopia due to choroidal effusion: A novel ocular complication of COVID-19 infection

COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic by the WHO in 2020. Although it is a respiratory virus, ocular complications and manifestations of the infection have been reported in different forms. We report a case of transient myopia and narrow angles due to choroidal effusion following infection by the SARS-COV-2 virus. We propose that the ability of the virus to incite an inflammatory response in the host body may be the mechanism behind the disease entity. This is a novel, previously undocumented ocular complication in case of a COVID-19 infection

A Study on Different Diagnostic Approach for Early Recognition of Canine Pyometra

The study aimed to evaluate ultrasonographic findings, radiography, and blood profile in 24 bitches presented for treatment of pyometra. Clinical symptoms such as anorexia, vaginal discharge, depression, polyuria/polydipsia, vomiting, and abdominal distension were seen. Among these various types of diagnostic approaches, ultrasonography a powerful tool for the early detection of uterine abnormalities. Before any clinical alterations could be noticed, ultrasonography allowed the diagnosis of pathologic abnormalities. Pyometra must be identified, diagnosed, and treated as soon as possible to achieve a successful outcome

A Review on Traditional and Recent Approaches for Predication of Breeding Soundness Evolution in Bull

The breeding soundness examination (BSE) predicts about bull’s potential to get cows pregnant. To identify a bull’s potential fertility, breeding-soundness examinations are frequently used in the beef industry. Bull BSE is a simple, cheap, and essential tool for a cow-calf operation. BSE enhances risk management, strategic bull use, herd fertility, and economics. It is carried out to determine a bull’s libido, and reproductive status, and to test for different genital diseases. Based on the BSE bulls are given one of three classifications: “satisfactory,” “unsatisfactory,” or “classification postponed”. Accurate Semen evaluation is an important factor of the BSE. Competent physical/reproductive exams and appropriate semen evaluations can contribute greatly to the fertility and economics of individual herds as well as understanding of factors which affect fertility

Factors affecting patient enablement in an Asian setting: a mixed methods study

INTRODUCTION@#Patient-centred medical care has been rising in importance since the turn of the century. It entails treating patients in relation to their biopsychosocial outlook so as to support the management of their conditions. The extent to which a patient is enabled to acquire skills and knowledge can be measured with the Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) proposed by Howie and colleagues, and it has been noted to be more reflective of a good consultation compared to patient satisfaction scores. This study aimed to determine the level of patient enablement in the Singaporean context and the factors facilitating it.@*METHODS@#We conducted an embedded mixed method study with primary care patients in two phases: (a) a PEI questionnaire was completed by 150 patients; and (b) a qualitative approach using focused group discussions and individual interviews was used to explore factors associated with high enablement.@*RESULTS@#The mean PEI score was 4.5 ± 4.4, with significantly higher scores among patients attending specialised primary care clinics. Important physician factors were doctors' advice, attitude and relationship with the patient. Critical system factors included good continuity of care, workload and financial support, while patient factors included their beliefs, preparedness, inquisitiveness and trust, with considerable impact from the influence of community.@*CONCLUSION@#The PEI score in the Singaporean context is similar to that of other Asian contexts, but slightly higher than that reported in Western studies. Good doctor-patient relationships, efficient systems facilitating continuity of care, and motivated and informed patients all contribute to increased enablement.

Spinal Accessory Dysfunction Following Neck Dissection with Harmonic Scalpel V/S Electrocautery – A Single Centre Experience

Aims:This study is an effort towards comparing the efficacy of the Harmonic Focus and Electrosurgical technique with regard to nerve injury especially spinal accessory nerve and its morbidity postoperatively after neck dissection.Sample:Ninety patients of oral carcinoma who required neck dissection were included in the study.Study Design:This is a prospective study.Place and Duration of Study:Bhagwan Mahaveer Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India for a period of 17 months from November 2016 to March 2018.Methodology:Patients’ post-operative recovery was studied prospectively by using parameters pertaining to shoulder function and shoulder pain.Results:There were significant differences in the pain and abduction deformity at various time periods after surgery. However differences in the quality of life did not show significant difference at the end of 3 months. For up to one month pain scores were lower for Harmonic Focus and shoulder function was better through 3 months.Conclusion:Though the technique of neck dissection (harmonic v/s electro cautery) has significant impact on shoulder dysfunction, despite that in postoperative period shoulder function measured by way of shoulder pain and shoulder abduction recover almost fully during follow-up period without causing significant morbidity and with minimal effect on quality of life. There are few recommendations we would like to suggest that if incorporated, they might significantly affect the outcome and better results.

A review on preclinical studies conducted with Homeopathic medicine Cephalandra indica as an Anti-hyperglycemic agent

Background ­ Diabetes Mellitus a metabolic disorder affects the secretion of insulin from pancreas leading to hyperglycemia, if uncontrolled leads to complications triggered by free radical formed after oxidative stress. Homeopathic medicine Cephalandra Indica has shown antidiabetic activity in various potencies performed on preclinical studies on diabetic rat model. The present review highlights the pharmacological profile of homeopathic preparations Cephalandra Indica on preclinical studies and calculating the probable human equivalent dosage from preclinical studies for the pilot studies. Method ­ Articles published between January 1988 and December 2018 was included in review. Databases like PubMed ­ Medline, Google scholar were used for collecting the articles. Keywords like 'Homeopathy' or 'Homoeopathy', 'Invitro', 'Invivo' and 'Cephalandra Indica' were used. SABEH criteria were implemented for assessing methodology quality of articles. Results ­ Seven full text articles were included in review which had six Invivo studies and one Invitro study. This review article provided the scientific validation of high diluted homeopathic medicines pharmacological activity of Cephalandra Indica and probable mechanism of action confirmed through preclinical studies. Conversion of dosage from animal model to human dosage for pilot studies has been hypothetically proposed. Conclusion ­ Homeopathic medicine Cephalandra Indica has a therapeutic and safety profile with no toxicity observed in preclinical studies. The proposed hypothesis of conversion of dosage needs to be validated for further studies. (au)

Knowledge, attitude and practice of needle stick injury and post exposure prophylaxis in undergraduate medical students

Background: Needle stick injury are the most common reason behind occupational blood exposure and most important source of exposure to another person’s blood.Methods: A cross-sectional observational questionnaire-based study of 450 undergraduate medical students which includes 100 from each years, Second year: Part I (II/I: Third Semester), Second year: Part II (II/III: Fifth Semester), Third Year (III: Seventh Semester), Fourth year (IV: Ninth Semester) MBBS and 50 Interns. The participation was voluntary and written consent was taken prior to enrollment. The objectives of study were explained, and validated questionnaire was administered to the students and collected in a single visit after 30-40 minutes.Results: The average age was 21.91±2.03 years. About 406 students were aware of disease transmitted by NSI. 189 students felt that occurrence of NSI, first person to be contacted is Medicine Physician. 208 don’t know of existence of PEP. 164 felt PEP is to be given for 4 weeks. According to 138 students PEP guidelines were proposed by NACO while 101 students felt WHO. 261 students felt that most probable chance of getting NSI was in emergency ward. 363students felt that need for NSI PEP training before clinical exposure is very important. 345 felt the need for insurance of HCWs for diseases transmitted by NSI.Conclusions: Medical students are highly vulnerable to NSI and there is need to provide adequate preventive measures, frequent training for needle stick injury and postexposure prophylaxis to all healthcare workers.

Risk factors and angiographic profile of coronary slow flow (CSF) phenomenon in North Indian population: An observational study

Background “Coronary slow flow’’ (CSF) is delayed vessel opacification in the absence of epicardial stenosis. Studies in different ethnic groups have found variable risk factors associated with CSF. Aim of present study was to analyze the risk factors and angiographic profile of CSF in North Indian population, not studied till date. Methods 40 patients with CSF and 40 controls were studied. CSF was determined quantitatively by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count method. Various clinical risk factors (age, sex, body mass Index (BMI), diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking), hematological and biochemical parameters (hematocrit, platelet count, uric acid, homocysteine, fibrinogen, high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed. Results Of the 40 patients with CSF, 37 (92.5%) were males. While 20 patients (50%) presented with chronic stable angina, rest 20 (50%) presented with acute coronary syndrome. [15 (37.5%) with unstable angina and 5 (12.5%) with non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)]. Patients with CSF had significantly higher BMI (27.27 ± 2.82 vs. 24.12 ± 2.35, p < 0.001), fibrinogen levels (398.48 ± 120.96 vs. 331.55 ± 162.6, p = 0.04) and smoking (24(60.0%) vs 14(35.0%), p = 0.02). On multivariable regression analysis, only BMI was found to have an independent association with CSF (odds ratio 1.613, 95% confidence interval 1.265–2.057, p < 0.001). Conclusion This is the first study to analyze clinical presentation, angiographic profile and risk factors associated with CSF in North Indian population. In this study, we found only BMI to have an independent association with CSF.

Heavy Metal Analysis Of Raw Kaseesa By Inductively Coupled Plasma (icp)

Due to global recognition of Ayurveda formulations, the herbo mineral formulations of Ayurveda are questioned because of heavy metal contents found in many studies. Kaseesa (green vitriol) chemically known as ferrous sulphate which is a well known mineral used in various formulations as haematinic and emmenagogue was studied for standardization before making one of its formulation. Raw Kaseesa was analyzed for heavy metals using sophisticated method of Inductively Coupled plasma and was found that it contained metals lead and copper outside permissible limit of pharmacopeia norms. For this study various samples were collected and evaluated by the Rasashastra experts and later by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeial methods. After the confirm identity, the samples were selected for the Heavy Metal Analysis. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) method used for this study and results found in raw Kaseesa are Copper 7.2153 ppm, Lead 1288.0 ppm and Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium were not detected. The authors recommend further study of Kaseesa after its Shodhana and other processes to study whether such heavy metal (Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic, Mercury and copper) contents are found in the finished product.

Evaluation of a training programme to induct medical students in delivering public health talks

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>It is uncommon for medical students to deliver public health talks as part of their medical education curriculum. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a novel training programme that required medical students to deliver public health talks during their family medicine (FM) clerkship in a Singapore primary care institution.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The FM faculty staff guided teams of third-year medical students to select appropriate topics for health talks that were to be conducted at designated polyclinics. The talks were video-recorded and appraised for clarity, content and delivery. The appraisal was done by the student's peers and assigned faculty staff. The audience was surveyed to determine their satisfaction level and understanding of the talks. The students also self-rated the effectiveness of this new teaching activity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 120 medical students completed a questionnaire to rate the effectiveness of the new teaching activity. 85.8% of the students felt confident about the delivery of their talks, 95.8% reported having learnt how to deliver talks and 92.5% perceived this new training modality as useful in their medical education. Based on the results of the audience survey, the speakers were perceived as knowledgeable (53.1%), confident (51.3%) and professional (39.0%). Assessment of 15 video-recorded talks showed satisfactory delivery of the talks by the students.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The majority of the students reported a favourable overall learning experience under this new training programme. This finding is supported by the positive feedback garnered from the audience, peers of the medical students and the faculty staff.</p>

Knowledge, attitude, practice towards primary prevention of dental diseases among oral health professionals in India

Aim: To assess knowledge, attitude, practice towards primary prevention of dental diseases among oral health professionals. Material and Methods: It is cross-sectional questionnaire study. The study was conducted among dental professionals running private dental clinics. . Among these 141 clinics, 202 dentists had given their informed consent to be included in the study. Results: Knowledge of dental health professionals towards primary health care was significantly (p=0.04*) below average among all age groups. Attitude of study participants towards primary health care shows that most of study participants in all age groups had significantly (p=0.00***) good attitude towards primary health care. Females study participants 36 (45%) practice primary prevention technique significantly (p=0.00***) more than the male study participants. Conclusions: It is concluded that knowledge among dental professionals regarding primary health care was low. Attitude towards primary prevention among the oral health professionals was positive. Dentist included in present study, practice techniques of primary preventive technique less frequently.

Dyskeratosis Congenita: A Rare Case.

Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a rare genodermatosis which exhibits oral leukoplakia, nail dystrophy, and reticular skin pigmentations as its primary features. Dyskeratosis congenita has increased risk of developing constitutional anemia and malignancies and early diagnosis enables the patient to be monitored and proper interventional therapy to be instituted. Here, we present an interesting and rare case report of DKC. Very few are being reported in our country and we, as physicians, should be aware of DKC, presenting as pyrexia, and anemia.

Cysticercosis of Oral Cavity: Report of a Rare Case.

Cysticercosis is a common disease in developing countries caused by larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. T. solium which is also termed as the pork tapeworm or armed tapeworm is distributed all over the world. Th is parasite completes its life cycle in man and pig. Man harbors the adult worm and serves as the defi nitive host whereas pig harbors the larvae (cysticerci) and serves as the intermediate host. Th e infection with cysticerci commonly involves brain, muscle, heart, liver, lungs and peritoneum. Cysticercosis involving the oral cavity is rare. We report here a case of cysticercosis of lower left vestibule, which presented as an asymptomatic solitary nodule in 22-year-old female.

Morphometric Evaluation of Foramen Magnum in Dry Human Skulls.

The foramen magnum is an important landmark in the posterior part of the cranial base, which is largely formed by the occipital bone. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because of the vital structures passing through it. We studied thirty six dry human skulls of known sex and measured anteroposterior and transverse diameters with the help of Vernier caliper. Additionally, surface area and Index of foramen magnum were also calculated. Oval shape is the main type of morphological variant found in this study. The transverse diameter of the foramen magnum was in a range of 25.75-34.25mm in males, whereas it was between 26-31.75mm in females. The anteroposterior diameter was in a range of 35 to 39.75mm inmales while it was 29.5 to 34.75mm in females. The mean area of foramen magnum in males was 876.88±88.83mm whereas it was 776.87±68.51mm in females. In contrast to the area, the mean foramen magnum index was higher in females (89.01±6.84mm) compared tomales (81.75±5.99mm) and this difference was also statistically significant (p<0.01). The prospective study will help surgeon for reference value for determining feasibility of transcondylar surgical approach, which are being done in an increasing trend in recent times for brain stem lesion.

Eating habits and other risk factors: are the future health care service providers really at risk for life style disorders.

Background: Adolescence period is crucial position in the life, characterized by rapid rate of growth. It is a need to study risk factors among this group so applicability of primary prevention can be planned. It is essential to know that whether future care providers are having any risk of acquiring life style disorders as they will be the future role models of society. Objectives: To study the dietary and other risk factors for acquiring life style related disorders and to correlate various anthropometry measurements with these risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study. All medical, physiotherapy and nursing students from Government Medical College, Surat having met with age criteria of adolescent (17-19) as per WHO were included in the study. Pre tested structured self-administered questionnaire was used. It was having questions on various risk factors of acquiring life style related disorders and having anthropometry measurements to correlate. Data were entered and analyzed in MS excel. Results: Total 290 participants were enrolled, out of them 240 (82.76%) were females and 50 (17.24%) were males. Out of those, 153 (52.75%) were having a habit of eating outside the home at least once in a week. 80 (27.5%) participants reported that they never play outdoor games, 18 (6.21%) reported that they never do exercise. 21 (7.24%) were having BMI ≥25, From this total 21 participants, 17 (5.86%) were females and 4 (1.38%) were males. Out of total 240 females, 20 were having Waist Hip Ratio (WHR) >0.85, while no male is having WHR >1. Conclusion: Primary preventive measures for dietary change should be applied among future care providers. Life style change should also be advised to reduce the risk for life style disorders.

Multiple Potential Roles of Spirulina in Human Health: A Critical Review

Spirulina is a freshwater blue-green microalgae which has been used as a food supplement for centuries. It is a rich source of several macro- and micro-nutrients. Several studies have demonstrated the potential nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and health benefits of Spirulina. The focus of this article is to highlight the multiple potential roles of Spirulina in human health. Studies have demonstrated Spirulina's roles in boosting immunity through increasing resistance to various infections. Potential health benefits of Spirulina in association with its antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported. Owing to its nutrient profiles and nutraceutical properties, Spirulina has been shown to have potential therapeutic roles in metabolic diseases, hypertension, anaemia, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Diagnostic importance of serous fluid examination for detection of various pathological conditions - A study of 355 cases.

Background: Cytological examination of exfoliated cells is very challenging and of paramount importance for diagnosis, staging and prognosis as the finding of cancer cells in such a specimen denotes that the patient has advanced and incurable cancer. Aims & Objective: To study serous effusion for various pathological conditions. Material and Methods: The study was performed on serous effusions. Serous effusions from pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluid were included and all other fluids were excluded. Their clinical history and other relevant parameters were noted. Collection was performed with 18-gauge needle under local anaesthesia and sterile conditions. When delay, samples were stored at 2-6 ͦC. Conventional smear and or Cytospin method were performed. Ether alcohol (wet fixed) and air dried smears were used. H & E stain, papanicolaou stain and MGG stain were done. Results: Out of total 355 cases, 186 were of pleural fluid, 164 of peritoneal fluid and 5 were of pericardial fluid. 288 cases were benign, 24 cases were malignant effusion, 17 cases were suspicious of malignancy and 26 cases were degenerated. Transudate, haemorrhagic and straw coloured fluid were more common. Conclusion: Benign effusions are common in younger whereas malignant effusions are common in older people. A combined approach to morphology by may-grunwald giemsa, papanicolaou with haematoxylin and eosin stain was better than individual method. Recurrent hemorrhagic effusions are more common in malignant effusions. Conventional smear method can yield good result. Scattered cells are indicative of benign effusions and clusters, 3 D balls, papillary patterns indicate malignant effusions.

Selection of mode of biopsy in histopathological diagnosis of Soft tissue sarcoma depending on diagnostic accuracy and feasibility: Debatable issue in modern era.

Background: Biopsy method of choice is a controversy issue for diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma which are traditionally been managed by wide excision surgery and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy is reserved for advanced cases. Aims & Objective: The objective of study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of various modes of biopsy focusing on image guided core needle biopsy (CNB). Material and Methods: Current study includes 50 cases of soft tissue sarcoma from January 2010 to October 2012. The Mode of biopsies included image guided CNB, open and excision biopsy. Effective accuracy of each was determined by accuracy of biopsy to provide adequate tissue for histopathological and other special examinations like immunohistochemistry to reach final diagnosis. Results: Out of total 50 cases CNB was done in 13 cases, open biopsy in 2 cases and in 35 cases excision biopsy was done. CNB was adequate in 92.31 % cases and 7.69 % cases it was inadequate. Open and excision biopsy were 100 % adequate. Conclusion: Image guided CNB is very helpful in early diagnosis and shows high accuracy especially for high-grade sarcoma. It is less invasive compared to others and differentiate benign from malignant. It is handful when preoperative diagnosis is essential for planning pre-operative chemotherapy especially in patients with primarily inoperable, advanced tumour with compromised performance status or recurrent tumour. But it should be properly directed and representative of whole tumour and require full radiological correlation by experienced hands. Tumours with myxoid pattern, lipomatous tumours and low grade sarcomas encounters lower diagnostic accuracy on CNB.

Health care seeking behavior of urban and rural community in Ahmedabad district.

Background: Designing health care policies and programmes requires knowledge about health care seeking behaviour, so that appropriate interventions can be implemented. Health care seeking behaviour is influenced by the individual self, diseases, and the availability and accessibility of health services. Dependent on these determinants health care seeking behaviour is a complex outcome of many factors operating at various levels. Aims & Objective: Present study aimed at exploring possible differences in health care seeking behavior in rural and urban Ahmedabad. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of one year (April 2011-March 2012) in urban and rural area of Ahmedabad district. Total 500 houses from each were surveyed using pre-designed and pre-tested proforma by house to house visits. Head of the family from each household was interviewed. Information regarding morbidity and health seeking behaviour was collected during household survey. Results: Maximum number of respondents belonged to age group 25-39 years in urban (49.8%) and rural (53.8%). Rural people preferred government and trust hospitals (51.1%) more as compared to urban (44.1%). Significant difference was observed in place for treatment of acute illness from faith healers. More rural people (29.2%) took treatment from faith healers than urban (22.8%). Majority of rural people (59.6%) took treatment for chronic illness from private practitioner than urban (51.4%). More urban people (57.4%) were using cash savings for treatment than rural people while borrowing and selling assets for treatment was more in rural people (57.4%) The result was statistically significant. Insurance coverage for illness was significantly low both in urban and rural area. Conclusion: Difference in health seeking behaviour was noticed among urban and rural communities. As far as treatment of chronic illnesses is concerned more infrastructure investments should be made to improve accessibility to government health care facilities, especially in rural areas. There is a need to make the rural people more aware regarding availability of various health insurance schemes.